12月4日，國務院新聞辦發表《中國的民主》白皮書。

白皮書說，民主是全人類的共同價值，是中國共產黨和中國人民始終不渝堅持的重要理念。100年來，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領導人民在一個有幾千年封建社會歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會的國家實現了人民當家作主，中國人民真正成為國家、社會和自己命運的主人。

白皮書介紹，中國的民主是人民民主，人民當家作主是中國民主的本質和核心。全過程人民民主，實現了過程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實質民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國家意志相統一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實、最管用的社會主義民主。

白皮書強調，民主是歷史的、具體的、發展的，各國民主植根于本國的歷史文化傳統，成長于本國人民的實踐探索和智慧創造，民主道路不同，民主形態各異。民主不是裝飾品，不是用來做擺設的，而是要用來解決人民需要解決的問題的。民主是各國人民的權利，而不是少數國家的專利。

白皮書指出，一個國家是不是民主，應該由這個國家的人民來評判，而不應該由外部少數人指手畫腳來評判。國際社會哪個國家是不是民主的，應該由國際社會共同來評判，而不應該由自以為是的少數國家來評判。實現民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調的眼光審視人類五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。

前言

Preamble

民主是全人類的共同價值，是中國共產黨和中國人民始終不渝堅持的重要理念。
 

Democracy is a common value of humanity and an ideal that has always been cherished by the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese people. 

今年是中國共產黨成立100周年。100年前，中國共產黨一經誕生，就把為中國人民謀幸福、為中華民族謀復興確立為自己的初心和使命，為實現人民當家作主進行了不懈探索和奮斗。100年來，黨高舉人民民主旗幟，領導人民在一個有幾千年封建社會歷史、近代成為半殖民地半封建社會的國家實現了人民當家作主，中國人民真正成為國家、社會和自己命運的主人。
 

This year marks the centenary of the CPC. Since its founding in 1921, the Party has taken wellbeing for the Chinese people and the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as its abiding goals, and has made continuous efforts to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. China is a country with a feudal history dating back several thousand years that descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society after the Opium War of 1840. Over the past hundred years, the Party has led the people in realizing people’s democracy in China. The Chinese people now truly hold in their hands their own future and that of society and the country.

中國的民主是人民民主，人民當家作主是中國民主的本質和核心。黨的十八大以來，黨深化對中國民主政治發展規律的認識，提出全過程人民民主重大理念并大力推進，民主價值和理念進一步轉化為科學有效的制度安排和具體現實的民主實踐。全過程人民民主，實現了過程民主和成果民主、程序民主和實質民主、直接民主和間接民主、人民民主和國家意志相統一，是全鏈條、全方位、全覆蓋的民主，是最廣泛、最真實、最管用的社會主義民主。

The people’s status as masters of the country is the essence of people’s democracy. Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, with a deeper understanding of China’s path to democracy and the political system, the Party has developed whole-process people’s democracy as a key concept and striven to translate it and relevant democratic values into effective institutions and concrete actions. 

Whole-process people’s democracy integrates process-oriented democracy with results-oriented democracy, procedural democracy with substantive democracy, direct democracy with indirect democracy, and people’s democracy with the will of the state. It is a model of socialist democracy that covers all aspects of the democratic process and all sectors of society. It is a true democracy that works.

民主是歷史的、具體的、發展的，各國民主植根于本國的歷史文化傳統，成長于本國人民的實踐探索和智慧創造，民主道路不同，民主形態各異。評價一個國家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的，主要看國家領導層能否依法有序更替，全體人民能否依法管理國家事務和社會事務、管理經濟和文化事業，人民群眾能否暢通表達利益要求，社會各方面能否有效參與國家政治生活，國家決策能否實現科學化、民主化，各方面人才能否通過公平競爭進入國家領導和管理體系，執政黨能否依照憲法法律規定實現對國家事務的領導，權力運用能否得到有效制約和監督。

Democracy is a concrete phenomenon that is constantly evolving. Rooted in history, culture and tradition, it takes diverse forms and develops along the paths chosen by different peoples based on their exploration and innovation.

The best way to evaluate whether a country’s political system is democratic and efficient is to observe whether the succession of its leaders is orderly and in line with the law, whether all the people can manage state and social affairs and economic and cultural undertakings in conformity with legal provisions, whether the public can express their requirements without hindrance, whether all sectors can efficiently participate in the country’s political affairs, whether national decision-making can be conducted in a rational and democratic way, whether people of high caliber in all fields can be part of the national leadership and administrative systems through fair competition, whether the governing party is in charge of state affairs in accordance with the Constitution and the law, and whether the exercise of power can be kept under effective restraint and supervision. 

民主不是裝飾品，不是用來做擺設的，而是要用來解決人民需要解決的問題的。一個國家民主不民主，關鍵在于是不是真正做到了人民當家作主，要看人民有沒有投票權，更要看人民有沒有廣泛參與權；要看人民在選舉過程中得到了什么口頭許諾，更要看選舉后這些承諾實現了多少；要看制度和法律規定了什么樣的政治程序和政治規則，更要看這些制度和法律是不是真正得到了執行；要看權力運行規則和程序是否民主，更要看權力是否真正受到人民監督和制約。

Democracy is not a decorative ornament, but an instrument for addressing the issues that concern the people. Whether a country is democratic depends on whether its people are truly the masters of the country; whether the people have the right to vote, and more importantly, the right to participate extensively; whether they have been given verbal promises in elections, and more importantly, how many of these promises are fulfilled after elections; whether there are set political procedures and rules in state systems and laws, and more importantly, whether these systems and laws are truly enforced; whether the rules and procedures for the exercise of power are democratic, and more importantly, whether the exercise of power is genuinely subject to public scrutiny and checks.

民主是各國人民的權利，而不是少數國家的專利。一個國家是不是民主，應該由這個國家的人民來評判，而不應該由外部少數人指手畫腳來評判。國際社會哪個國家是不是民主的，應該由國際社會共同來評判，而不應該由自以為是的少數國家來評判。實現民主有多種方式，不可能千篇一律。用單一的標尺衡量世界豐富多彩的政治制度，用單調的眼光審視人類五彩繽紛的政治文明，本身就是不民主的。

Democracy is the right of the people in every country, rather than the prerogative of a few nations. Whether a country is democratic should be judged by its people, not dictated by a handful of outsiders. Whether a country is democratic should be acknowledged by the international community, not arbitrarily decided by a few self-appointed judges. There is no fixed model of democracy; it manifests itself in many forms. Assessing the myriad political systems in the world against a single yardstick and examining diverse political structures in monochrome are in themselves undemocratic. 

民主是多樣的，世界是多彩的。在世界文明的百花園里，中國的民主之花絢麗綻放。中國愿與各國交流互鑒、攜手合作，為人類政治文明發展進步貢獻智慧和力量。

In the richly diverse world, democracy comes in many forms. China’s democracy is thriving alongside those of other countries in the garden of civilizations. China stands ready to contribute its experience and strength to global political progress through cooperation and mutual learning.

中國共產黨領導人民實現全過程人民民主

Whole-Process People’s Democracy Under CPC Leadership

中華民族是歷史悠久、勤勞智慧的民族，創造了輝煌燦爛的政治文明。在5000多年歷史長河中，中國人民探索形成的民本思想，蘊含著豐富的民主因素，體現了中國人民對民主的樸素認知和不懈追求。但是，在封建專制之下，廣大勞動人民始終處于受壓迫受剝削的最底層。近代以后，中國逐步成為半殖民地半封建社會，國家將傾，民族將亡，人民毫無民主可言。為救亡圖存，中國人民奮起抗爭，各種革命變革接連而起，各種救國方案輪番出臺，但都未能取得成功。辛亥革命后，中國模仿議會制、多黨制、總統制等西方政治制度模式的各種嘗試都以失敗告終。以“民主”“科學”為基本口號的新文化運動的興起，俄國十月革命的勝利，五四運動的爆發，馬克思主義在中國的傳播，促進了中國人民的偉大覺醒，中國先進分子對民主有了更加深刻的思考和新的認知。
 

China is a diligent and wise nation with a long history. It has created a brilliant political civilization. All of five thousand years ago, ancient Chinese began to explore the concept that people are the foundation of a state. Their ideas contained the seeds of what we know today as democracy. However, over the centuries of feudal autocracy, the people were always the oppressed and exploited underclass.
 

After the 1840s, China gradually descended into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. There was no popular democracy at all and the country was on the verge of collapse. The people stood up and fought to salvage their country. Revolution and reform were attempted, and many plans for saving the country were introduced, none of which succeeded. 
 

Following the Revolution of 1911, the Chinese people made numerous attempts to introduce the Western political systems, including the parliamentary system, multiparty system, and presidential system, all of which ended in failure. 
 

The rise of the New Culture Movement championing democracy and science, the victory of the October Revolution in Russia, the May 4th Movement, and the spread of Marxism in China, began to awaken the Chinese people, and progressive individuals gained a deeper understanding of democracy and came up with new ideas.
 

1921年，中國共產黨成立，點亮了中國的民主之光。新民主主義革命時期，黨領導人民為爭取民主、反抗壓迫和剝削進行了艱苦卓絕斗爭，取得新民主主義革命勝利，成立新中國，實現了中國從幾千年封建專制政治向人民民主的偉大飛躍，中國人民從此站起來了，中國民主發展進入新紀元，人民當家作主從夢想變為現實。社會主義革命和建設時期，黨領導人民建立和鞏固國家政權，對生產資料進行社會主義改造，制定頒布新中國第一部憲法，確立人民代表大會制度、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度，人民當家作主的政治架構、經濟基礎、法律原則、制度框架基本確立并不斷發展，中國的民主大廈巍然聳立起來。改革開放和社會主義現代化建設新時期，黨領導人民堅定不移推進社會主義民主法治建設，堅持中國特色社會主義政治發展道路，堅持黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機統一，積極穩妥推進政治體制改革，鞏固和發展人民代表大會制度，進一步完善中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度、民族區域自治制度、基層群眾自治制度等基本政治制度，民主發展的政治制度保障和社會物質基礎更加堅實。
 

The founding of the CPC in 1921 was like a beacon, illuminating the way towards democracy in China.

During the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949), the Party led the people in their tenacious fight for democracy, resisting oppression and exploitation in the course of their struggle. Ultimately, victory was secured in the revolution. 

On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded. This marked the ultimate transformation of the country from the rule of feudal autocracy, which had been in existence for several thousand years, to a people’s democracy. It proclaimed that the Chinese people had stood upright. It ushered in a new era for democracy in China. It turned a dream into reality – the people running their own country.

During socialist revolution and reconstruction (1949-1978), the CPC united and led the people in:

?building and consolidating state power;

?completing the socialist transformation of the means of production; 

?promulgating the first Constitution of the PRC; 

?establishing the system of people’s congresses, the system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, and the system of regional ethnic autonomy.

The political structure, economic foundation, legal principles, and institutional framework for the people to run their country were all put in place and have since developed steadily. China’s tower of democracy was built on strong foundations and stands tall.

In the years of reform, opening up and socialist modernization after 1978, the Party led the people in advancing socialist democracy and the rule of law, sticking to the path of socialist political progress with Chinese characteristics.

It ensured the Party’s leadership, the people’s status as masters of the country, and law-based governance, and advanced reform of the political structure in an active and steady manner. The system of people’s congresses was consolidated and developed. The system of CPC-led multiparty cooperation and political consultation, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the system of community-level self-governance, and other basic political systems were improved. 

The political and institutional guarantees and material conditions for developing democracy were reinforced.

黨的十八大以來，中國特色社會主義進入新時代。以習近平同志為核心的黨中央，立足新的歷史方位，深刻把握中國社會主要矛盾發生的新變化，積極回應人民對民主的新要求新期盼，深刻吸取古今中外治亂興衰的經驗教訓，全面總結中國民主發展取得的顯著成就，團結帶領人民發展全過程人民民主，中國的民主發展進入歷史新時期。堅持和加強黨的全面領導，深化黨和國家機構改革，黨對發展全過程人民民主的領導進一步加強。推進國家治理體系和治理能力現代化，確立和堅持中國特色社會主義根本制度、基本制度、重要制度，人民當家作主制度體系更加健全。全面推進民主選舉、民主協商、民主決策、民主管理、民主監督，協同推進選舉民主與協商民主，人民依法有序政治參與不斷擴大，人民的民主生活豐富多彩。全過程人民民主，使人民當家作主更好體現在國家政治生活和社會生活之中，中國特色社會主義政治制度優越性得到更好發揮，生動活潑、安定團結的政治局面得到鞏固發展，激發和凝聚了中國人民奮斗新時代的磅礴力量。黨團結帶領人民，取得抗擊新冠肺炎疫情重大戰略成果，歷史性地解決絕對貧困問題，全面建成小康社會，化解一系列重大風險，開啟全面建設社會主義現代化國家新征程，向著全體人民共同富裕邁進，全過程人民民主在中華大地展示出勃勃生機和強大生命力，中國人民的民主自信更加堅定，中國的民主之路越走越寬廣。

Since the Party’s 18th National Congress in 2012, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era. The CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at the core has built a keen understanding of how the principal challenge facing Chinese society has changed. It has worked hard to respond to the people’s new requirements and expectations for democracy. After drawing on past experience in maintaining order and stability across the world, and reviewing China’s progress in democracy, the CPC decided to develop whole-process people’s democracy, beginning a new stage of democracy. Some of the most important achievements are:

strengthening the CPC’s overall leadership, reforming Party and government institutions, and reinforcing the Party’s leadership over the development of whole-process people’s democracy;

modernizing China’s governance system and capacity;

establishing and upholding the fundamental, basic, and important systems of Chinese socialism, with a more complete institutional framework to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country;

advancing democratic elections, consultations, decision-making, management, and oversight, progressing electoral democracy and consultative democracy side by side, and expanding the people’s orderly political participation and the scope of democracy;

consolidating the people’s principal position in the country’s political and social life;

leveraging the institutional strengths of Chinese socialism; 

promoting political stability, unity and vitality;

building a nationwide force towards the country’s goals in the new era;

achieving a strategic success in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic;

ending absolute poverty, and completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. 

China has addressed major risks and set out on a new journey towards a modern socialist country and common prosperity, demonstrating the viability and strength of whole-process people’s democracy. The Chinese people have greater confidence in China’s democracy, and can now look forward to a bright future.

全過程人民民主，是中國共產黨團結帶領人民追求民主、發展民主、實現民主的偉大創造，是黨不斷推進中國民主理論創新、制度創新、實踐創新的經驗結晶。中國共產黨的奮斗史，是團結帶領人民探索、形成、發展全過程人民民主的奮斗史。全過程人民民主，是近代以來黨團結帶領人民長期奮斗歷史邏輯、理論邏輯、實踐邏輯的必然結果，是堅持黨的本質屬性、踐行黨的根本宗旨的必然要求。全過程人民民主，充分彰顯社會主義國家性質，充分彰顯人民主體地位，使人民意志得到更好體現、人民權益得到更好保障、人民創造活力進一步激發。全過程人民民主，形成和發展于黨領導人民爭取民族獨立、人民解放和實現國家富強、人民幸福的不懈奮斗，扎根在廣袤的中華大地，吸吮著中華民族漫長奮斗積累的文化養分，學習借鑒人類文明優秀成果，符合中國國情，得到人民衷心擁護，具有深厚現實基礎和廣闊發展前景。全過程人民民主，具有完整的制度程序和完整的參與實踐，使選舉民主和協商民主這兩種重要民主形式更好結合起來，構建起覆蓋960多萬平方公里土地、14億多人民、56個民族的民主體系，實現了最廣大人民的廣泛持續參與。全過程人民民主，既有鮮明的中國特色，也體現全人類共同價值，為豐富和發展人類政治文明貢獻了中國智慧、中國方案。

Whole-process people’s democracy is a creation of the CPC in leading the people to pursue, develop and realize democracy, embodying the Party’s innovation in advancing China’s democratic theories, systems and practices. The Party’s history of struggle is a course of rallying the people and leading them to explore, establish and develop whole-process people’s democracy. It is a logical outcome of history, theory and practice based on the strenuous efforts of the people under the leadership of the Party. It is a requisite for maintaining the very nature of the Party and fulfilling its fundamental purpose. 

Whole-process people’s democracy, giving full expression to the socialist nature of the state and the people’s principal position, serves to better represent the people’s will, protect their rights and fully unleash their potential to create. Whole-process people’s democracy has formed and developed in a nationwide effort, led by the CPC, to strive for national independence, the country’s prosperity, and the people’s liberation and wellbeing. It is rooted in this vast land, nourished by the culture and traditions of the Chinese civilization, and draws on the achievements of human civilization. Suited to the conditions in China and embraced by the people, it has solid foundations and a bright future.

Whole-process people’s democracy is a complete system with supporting mechanisms and procedures, and has been fully tested through wide participation. It integrates two major democratic models – electoral democracy and consultative democracy. It operates a democratic system covering a population of more than 1.4 billion from 56 ethnic groups of a vast country, making possible the wide and sustained participation of all its people. Whole-process people’s democracy has distinctive Chinese characteristics; it also exemplifies common values and contributes China’s ideas and solutions to the political progress of humanity. 

中國共產黨的領導，是中國發展全過程人民民主的根本保證。在中國這樣一個大國，真正把14億多人民的意愿表達好、實現好并不容易，必須有堅強有力的統一領導。中國共產黨始終堅持以人民為中心、堅持人民主體地位，真正為人民執政、靠人民執政；充分發揮總攬全局、協調各方的領導核心作用，保證黨領導人民有效治理國家，保證人民民主的理念、方針、政策貫徹到國家政治生活和社會生活的方方面面；堅持一切為了群眾，一切依靠群眾，從群眾中來，到群眾中去的群眾路線，密切同人民群眾的聯系，凝聚起最廣大人民的智慧和力量；堅持黨內民主，實行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理、民主監督，帶動和促進人民民主的發展；健全選人用人制度機制，使各方面優秀人才進入黨的領導體系和國家治理體系，確保黨和國家的領導權掌握在忠于馬克思主義、忠于黨、忠于人民的人手中；堅持依法執政、依法治國，領導立法、保證執法、支持司法、帶頭守法，通過法治保障黨的政策有效實施、保障人民當家作主。

CPC leadership is the fundamental guarantee for whole-process people’s democracy. It is no easy job for a country as big as China to fully represent and address the concerns of its 1.4 billion people. It must have a robust and centralized leadership.

Committed to people-centered development and ensuring their principal status to run the country, the CPC governs for the people and by relying on the people. The CPC plays to the full its role as overall leader and coordinator in all areas of endeavor in every part of the country, to ensure that the people run the country effectively and that the people’s democracy is an overarching philosophy, principle and policy in the country’s political and social life.

The CPC follows the mass line – it is committed to doing everything for the people and relying on them, and follows the principle of “from the people, to the people”. It maintains close ties with the people and pools their wisdom and strength.

The CPC upholds democracy within the Party and practices democratic elections, decision-making, management and oversight, to better serve the development of people’s democracy. The CPC has improved its mechanism for selecting and appointing officials, enabling outstanding individuals in all sectors to enter the Party leadership teams and the government, and ensuring that the leadership of the Party and the state rests in the hands of those loyal to Marxism, the Party, and the people.

The CPC upholds law-based governance of the country. It exercises leadership over legislation, guarantees law enforcement, supports judicial justice, and plays an exemplary role in abiding by the law. Through advancing the rule of law, the Party ensures that its policies are effectively implemented and that the people run the country as its masters.

二、具有科學有效的制度安排

A Sound Institutional Framework

在中國，國家各項制度都是圍繞人民當家作主構建的，國家治理體系都是圍繞實現人民當家作主運轉的，全過程人民民主具有完整的制度程序。這些制度程序，形成了全面、廣泛、有機銜接的人民當家作主制度體系，構建了多樣、暢通、有序的民主渠道，有效保證了黨的主張、國家意志、人民意愿相統一，有效保證了人民當家作主。

In China, the people’s status as masters of the country is the bedrock of all the systems of the country, and underlies the operation of all the systems for state governance. Whole-process people’s democracy involves complete institutional procedures. These well-coordinatedand comprehensive institutional procedures serve to put into place diverse, open, and well-organized democratic channels to ensure that the Party’s policies and the state will are integrated with the people’s aspirations, and that the people are masters of the country.

1 實行人民民主專政的國體

The Governing System of the People’s Democratic Dictatorship

中國是工人階級領導的、以工農聯盟為基礎的人民民主專政的社會主義國家。人民民主專政，體現中國的國家根本性質。

The Constitution describes China as a socialist country governed by a people’s democratic dictatorship that is led by the working class and based on an alliance of workers and peasants. The fundamental nature of the state is defined by the people’s democratic dictatorship.

中國堅持民主與專政有機統一，保證了人民當家作主。一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“民主”，堅持國家的一切權力屬于人民，保證人民依照憲法和法律規定，通過各種途徑和形式，管理國家事務，管理經濟和文化事業，管理社會事務；另一方面，始終堅持人民民主專政中的“專政”，充分履行國家政權的專政職能，依法打擊破壞社會主義制度、顛覆國家政權、危害國家安全和公共安全等各種犯罪行為，維護法律尊嚴和法律秩序，保護國家和人民利益。民主和專政不是矛盾的，都是為了保證人民當家作主。打擊極少數是為了保護大多數，實行專政是為了實現民主。

China upholds the unity of democracy and dictatorship to ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. On the one hand, all power of the state belongs to the people to ensure that they administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the Constitution and laws; on the other hand, China takes resolute action against any attempt to subvert the country’s political power or endanger public or state security, to uphold the dignity and order of law and safeguard the interests of the people and the state. Democracy and dictatorship appear to be a contradiction in terms, but together they ensure the people’s status as masters of the country. A tiny minority is sanctioned in the interests of the great majority, and “dictatorship” serves democracy. 

2 實行人民代表大會制度的政體

The Governing Structure of the System of People’s Congresses

人民代表大會制度，是適應人民民主專政國體的政權組織形式，是中國的根本政治制度，是中國人民當家作主的根本途徑和最高實現形式，是實現全過程人民民主的重要制度載體。人民代表大會制度，堅持國家一切權力屬于人民，最大限度保障人民當家作主，把黨的領導、人民當家作主、依法治國有機結合起來，有效保證國家治理跳出治亂興衰的歷史周期率。人民代表大會制度，正確處理事關國家前途命運的一系列重大政治關系，實現國家統一有效組織各項事業，維護國家統一和民族團結，有效保證國家政治生活既充滿活力又安定有序。

The system of people’s congresses, an organizational form of political power compatible with the governing system of the people’s democratic dictatorship, is China’s fundamental political system, and the ultimate approach and optimal solution to guaranteeing the people’s status as masters of the country. It is also an important institutional support to whole-process people’s democracy. Under this system, all power of the state belongs to the people to guarantee their status as masters of the country. At the same time, it integrates the Party’s leadership, the people’s principal position, and the rule of law, to help the country avoid the historical cycle of rise and fall of ruling orders apparent through the centuries of imperial dynasty. Under this system, all the major political relationships with a bearing on the nation’s future are properly managed, and all social undertakings operate under the effective centralized organization of the state. This maintains national unity and ethnic solidarity, and ensures that vigor, stability and order prevail in the country’s political life.

人民通過人民代表大會有效行使國家權力。人民代表大會代表人民統一行使國家權力，全國人民代表大會是最高國家權力機關，地方人民代表大會是地方國家權力機關。各級國家行政機關、監察機關、審判機關、檢察機關都由人民代表大會產生，對人大負責、受人大監督。人民代表大會有立法權、監督權、決定權、任免權。全國人民代表大會及其常務委員會行使國家立法權，全國人民代表大會行使修改憲法以及制定和修改刑事、民事、國家機構的和其他的基本法律的權力；全國人民代表大會對國家主席、副主席，國務院總理、副總理及其他組成人員，中央軍事委員會主席及其他組成人員，國家監察委員會主任，最高人民法院院長，最高人民檢察院檢察長行使人事任免權；全國人民代表大會對事關國家發展、人民利益的重大問題，包括國民經濟和社會發展計劃和計劃執行情況的報告、國家的預算和預算執行情況的報告行使審查和批準權等；全國人民代表大會及其常務委員會行使對憲法實施、“一府一委兩院”工作等的監督權。地方各級人民代表大會及其常務委員會依法行使相應職權。人民代表大會制度，實現了廣泛民主，使各級人民代表大會有高度的權力，保證了人民掌握和行使國家權力，國家和民族前途命運牢牢掌握在人民手中。

The people exercise state power effectively through people’s congresses; people’s congresses exercise state power collectively on behalf of the people. The National People’s Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power. Local people’s congresses at all levels are local agencies of state power. All administrative, supervisory, judicial, and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses, to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised. 

The people’s congresses have four main functions and powers: 

?Legislation. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to amend the Constitution and enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offenses, civil affairs, state agencies and other matters; 

?Appointment and removal of officials. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to appoint or remove the president and vice president(s) of the PRC, the premier, vice premier(s) and other members of the State Council, the chairperson and other members of the Central Military Commission, the chairperson of the National Supervisory Commission, the president of the Supreme People’s Court, and the procurator-general of the Supreme People’s Procuratorate; 

?Decision-making. The NPC exercises the powers and functions to examine and approve major issues significant to national development and the interests of the people, such as the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and state budget and the report on its implementation;

?Supervision. The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the right of overseeing the enforcement of the Constitution and the work of the State Council, the National Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. 

Local people’s congresses and their standing committees exercise corresponding powers and functions as prescribed by law. The system of people’s congresses makes extensive democracy possible by empowering people’s congresses at all levels, to ensure that the people hold and exercise state power, and that they keep the nation’s future firmly in their hands.

人大代表充分反映人民呼聲。人大代表來自人民，橫向上，來自各地區、各民族、各方面、各階層；縱向上，全國、省、市、縣、鄉五級都有人民代表大會，具有廣泛代表性。截至2020年底，全國共有人大代表262萬名，其中縣鄉兩級人大代表占代表總數的94.5%。人大代表充分發揮植根人民的優勢，依法認真履職盡責，通過各種形式和渠道聽取和反映人民群眾的意見建議。一年一度的各級人民代表大會會議，鄉、縣、市、省、全國自下而上、逐級召開，使得人民群眾意愿和呼聲能夠真實反映、向上傳遞。改革開放以來，每年的全國人大會議上，近3000名全國人大代表共商國家發展大計、共議民生熱點問題，黨和國家領導人當面傾聽意見建議，讓人民的所思所盼融入國家發展頂層設計。各國家機關依法認真研究辦理人大代表提出的議案、建議，許多被吸納進政策決策中。

The deputies to people’s congresses are fully representative of the people. They come from all regions, ethnic groups, sectors and social groups, and function at national, provincial, city, county and township levels. At the end of 2020, 2.62 million people were serving as deputies to people’s congresses at all levels nationwide. Among them, those at county and township levels accounted for 94.5 percent of the total. Making full use of their close connections with the people, these deputies diligently fulfill their duties by soliciting and submitting the people’s suggestions and advice through various forms and channels. 

The annual people’s congresses are first held from the grassroots upwards at township, county, city, and provincial levels and then at the highest national level, to take full cognizance of the people’s aspirations and report them to upper levels. Since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, about 3,000 NPC deputies have gathered in the presence of the Party and state leaders at the NPC session each year to discuss plans for national development and problems affecting people’s lives, and to put the people’s expectations at the top of the agenda on state matters. Many of the motions and proposals put forward by deputies have been carefully reviewed and then included into policy decisions of state organs.

人民代表大會制度，為中國共產黨領導人民有效治理國家提供了重要制度保障。黨通過人民代表大會制度，使黨的主張通過法定程序成為國家意志，使黨組織推薦的人選通過法定程序成為國家政權機關的領導人員，通過國家政權機關實施黨對國家和社會的領導，維護黨和國家權威、維護全黨全國團結統一。實踐充分證明，人民代表大會制度是符合中國國情和實際、體現社會主義國家性質、保證人民當家作主、保障實現中華民族偉大復興的好制度，必須長期堅持、全面貫徹、不斷發展。

The system of people’s congresses has provided institutional guarantee for the CPC to lead the people in effectively running the country. It enables the Party to turn its proposals into state policies, and to place the candidates recommended by Party organizations into positions as state leaders through statutory procedures. It also empowers the organs of state governance to exercise the Party’s leadership over the country and society, to uphold the authority of the Party and the state, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of the Party and the country. The system of people’s congresses is the optimal choice, in accord with China’s national conditions and realities. It embodies the socialist nature of the state and guarantees the people’s principal position and national rejuvenation. It must be fully implemented, further enriched, and maintained as a long-term institution.

3 堅持和完善中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度

The System of Multiparty Cooperation and Political Consultation Under CPC Leadership

中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度是中國的一項基本政治制度。這一制度植根中國土壤、彰顯中國智慧，又積極借鑒和吸收人類政治文明優秀成果，是中國新型政黨制度。憲法規定，中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度將長期存在和發展。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is a basic element of China’s political framework. The Constitution stipulates, “The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China will continue and develop long into the future.” A new model grown out of the soil of China, it also learns from other countries and absorbs the fruits of their political achievements. 

在中國，除了中國共產黨，還有八個民主黨派。在人民民主的共同旗幟下，中國共產黨與各民主黨派長期共存、互相監督、肝膽相照、榮辱與共，形成了中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度這一具有鮮明中國特色和顯著優勢的新型政黨制度。中國共產黨是執政黨，八個民主黨派是接受中國共產黨領導、同中國共產黨親密合作的參政黨，是中國共產黨的好參謀、好幫手、好同事。在中國，沒有反對黨，也沒有在野黨。中國既不是一黨專政，也不是多黨競爭、輪流執政，而是“共產黨領導、多黨派合作，共產黨執政、多黨派參政”。

In China, there are no opposition parties. But China’s political party system is not a system of one-party rule. Nor is it one in which multiple parties vie for power and govern in turn. It is a multiparty cooperation system in which the CPC exercises state power. In addition to the CPC, there are eight other political parties. The other parties participate fully in the administration of state affairs under the leadership of the CPC.

Under the shared banner of people’s democracy, and respecting the principles of long-term coexistence, mutual oversight, sincerity, and sharing the rough times and the smooth, the CPC and the other parties have created a new political party system with distinctive Chinese features and strengths. 

The CPC is the governing party, and the other parties accept its leadership. They cooperate closely with the CPC and function as its advisors and assistants. 

中國共產黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士以會議協商、約談協商、書面協商等形式，就國家和地方重大政策和重要事務進行協商。中國共產黨自覺接受各民主黨派、無黨派人士的民主監督。中國共產黨和各民主黨派、無黨派人士在國家政權中合作共事，民主黨派成員和無黨派人士在各級人大代表、人大常委會組成人員及人大專門委員會成員中均占一定數量，一些民主黨派成員和無黨派人士擔任國家機關領導職務。各民主黨派、無黨派人士緊緊圍繞國家中心工作，積極參政議政、建言獻策，為國家發展發揮作用。

Through forums, talks, and written and other forms of consultation, the CPC consults with the other parties and prominent individuals without affiliation to any political party (non-affiliates) on major national and local policies and matters. It willingly accepts the democratic scrutiny of the other parties and the non-affiliates. In the exercise of state power, the CPC works together with the other parties and the nonaffiliates. Members of the other parties and the non-affiliates account for a certain percentage of the total numbers of deputies to people’s congresses, the standing committees of people’s congresses, and the special committees of people’s congresses at all levels. Some of them occupy leading posts in state organs. The other parties and the non-affiliates actively deliberate on and participate in the administration of state affairs. They are valued advisors on key national programs and contributors to the development of the country. 

中國人民政治協商會議是實行中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度的重要機構。人民政協作為專門協商機構，在協商中促進廣泛團結、推進多黨合作、實踐人民民主，既秉承歷史傳統，又反映時代特征，充分體現了中國社會主義民主有事多商量、遇事多商量、做事多商量的特點和優勢，是國家治理體系的重要組成部分和具有中國特色的制度安排。在人民政協制度平臺上，各黨派團體、各族各界人士發揮在界別群眾中的代表作用，通過全體會議、常委會會議、主席會議、專門委員會會議、專題協商會議、協商座談會議等，開展提案、委員視察考察、專題調研、反映社情民意等經常性工作，對國家大政方針、經濟社會各領域重要問題，在決策之前和決策實施之中進行廣泛協商、平等協商、有序協商、真誠協商，提出意見建議。中國共產黨采納和集中他們的意見建議，各黨派團體、各族各界人士接受黨的主張并在各界別群眾中宣傳解釋黨的方針政策，增信釋疑，最廣泛地反映民意，最充分地集思廣益，最大限度地凝聚共識，鞏固團結奮斗的共同思想基礎。全國政協全體會議與全國人大會議每年同期召開，政協委員不僅要討論政協的問題，還要列席全國人大會議，參加對有關法律修改、“一府兩院”工作報告等的討論，這樣的制度安排真正實現了讓人人起來負責、人人監督政府工作，形成了具有中國特色的“兩會”式民主。

The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) serves as a key element of the multiparty mechanism. A specialized body for socialist consultative democracy, the CPPCC promotes unity, strengthens multiparty cooperation, and practices people’s democracy in the process of political consultation. It maintains the traditions of the past, and keeps pace with the times. It reflects the distinctive features and strengths of China’s socialist democracy – problems are solved through consultation. It is a key component of the state governance system, and a distinctively Chinese political institution.

Through the institutions of the CPPCC, representatives from all political parties, people’s organizations, ethnic groups, and social sectors engage in political consultation. They carry out their routine duties through mechanisms such as plenary sessions, meetings of the standing committee, meetings of chairpersons, meetings of special committees, forums on specific subjects, and consultative seminars, and make proposals, conduct inspections and field surveys, and report on social conditions and public opinions on a regular basis. In this way, they conduct extensive, constructive consultations on an equal footing and in an orderly manner, and put forward opinions and suggestions on important national strategies and policies and major economic and social matters. The CPC collects these opinions and suggestions and adopts those which are sound, while the other participants accept the Party’s propositions and promote its guidelines and policies. In doing so, they increase trust and dispel doubts, convey the will of the people and draw on their wisdom, and build the broadest consensus, so as to form a shared ideological foundation for collective endeavors. 

When the annual sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC National Committee (Two Sessions) are held concurrently each year, members of the CPPCC National Committee submit proposals for deliberation. They also sit in on NPC sessions to participate in the discussions on the amendments to laws and on the work reports of the central government, the Supreme People’s Court, and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate. This mechanism ensures that all the people can play a part in overseeing the work of the government, and forms China’s own model of democracy based on the Two Sessions. 

中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度，真實、廣泛、持久代表和實現最廣大人民根本利益、全國各族各界根本利益，有效避免了舊式政黨制度代表少數人、少數利益集團的弊端；把各個政黨和無黨派人士緊密團結起來、為著共同目標而奮斗，有效避免了一黨缺乏監督或者多黨輪流坐莊、惡性競爭的弊端；通過制度化、程序化、規范化的安排集中各種意見和建議、推動決策科學化民主化，有效避免了舊式政黨制度囿于黨派利益、階級利益、區域和集團利益決策施政導致社會撕裂的弊端。

The system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC is an extensive and reliable means of representing and fulfilling the interests of the maximum number of people of all ethnic groups and social sectors. It avoids the drawbacks of the old political party system that stood for only a small number of people and interest groups. It unites all political parties and the non-affiliates towards a common goal, effectively mitigating the risks of inadequate oversight in one-party rule, and the problems of continual transfers of governing parties and destructive competition in multiparty political systems. Through standardized institutional procedures and arrangements, it pools ideas and suggestions to ensure informed and democratic decision-making. It avoids the weakness of Western-style political party systems: When making decisions and exercising governance, political parties act in their own interests or the interests of the classes, regions and groups they represent, provoking division in society.

4 鞏固和發展最廣泛的愛國統一戰線

Broad Patriotic United Front

統一戰線是中國共產黨凝聚人心、匯集力量的重要法寶。在人民民主實踐中，中國共產黨始終把統一戰線擺在重要位置，堅持大團結大聯合，堅持一致性和多樣性相統一，統籌做好民主黨派和無黨派人士工作、黨外知識分子工作、民族工作、宗教工作、非公有制經濟領域統戰工作、新的社會階層人士統戰工作、港澳臺統戰工作、海外統一戰線工作和僑務工作，團結一切可以團結的力量、調動一切可以調動的積極因素，廣泛凝聚共識，尋求最大公約數、畫出最大同心圓，不斷促進政黨關系、民族關系、宗教關系、階層關系、海內外同胞關系和諧，最大限度凝聚起中華民族一切智慧和力量。

The united front is an important structure through which the CPC earns popular support and pools strengths. In practicing people’s democracy, the Party has always placed the united front in an important position, striving to achieve great unity and solidarity and balance commonality and diversity. The Party has made coordinated efforts to unite the other political parties, the non-affiliates, intellectuals who are not CPC members, members of ethnic minorities and religious groups, people working in non-public sectors, people belonging to new social groups, compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and overseas Chinese and returned Chinese nationals. It has combined all the forces that can be united and mobilized all positive factors to build a broad consensus, expand common ground, and achieve convergence of interests. In order to pool the wisdom and strength of the Chinese nation to the full, it has systematically promoted harmonious relations between political parties, between ethnic groups, between religions, between social groups and between Chinese people at home and overseas.

中國人民政治協商會議是中國人民愛國統一戰線的組織。全國政協設34個界別，由中國共產黨、各民主黨派、無黨派人士、人民團體、各少數民族和各界的代表，香港特別行政區同胞、澳門特別行政區同胞、臺灣同胞和歸國僑胞的代表以及特別邀請的人士組成。全國政協十三屆一次會議共有委員2100多人，其中非中共黨員占60.2%。這樣的組織構成，體現了大團結大聯合的重要特征，能夠在熱愛中華人民共和國、擁護中國共產黨的領導、共同致力于實現中華民族偉大復興的政治基礎上，求同存異、聚同化異，最大限度地調動一切積極因素、團結一切可以團結的人，最大限度凝聚起共同團結奮斗的強大力量。

The CPPCC is an organization of the Chinese people’s patriotic united front. It is composed of representatives from 34 sectors, including the CPC, the other political parties, the non-affiliates, people’s organizations, ethnic minority groups and other sectors, compatriots from the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, returned Chinese nationals, and specially invited public figures. The First Session of the 13th National Committee of the CPPCC was attended by over 2,100 members, 60.2 percent of whom are non-CPC members. This demonstrates its important function as a center of unity and solidarity. It allows us to mobilize all positive factors and forces that cherish patriotism and support the CPC’s leadership, and build a strong alliance for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation by seeking common ground while setting aside differences. 

5 堅持和完善民族區域自治制度

The System of Regional Ethnic Autonomy

中國是統一的多民族國家，鑄牢中華民族共同體意識，始終保持國家完整統一，實現各民族共同團結奮斗、共同繁榮發展，是中國共產黨民族政策的方針宗旨。民族區域自治制度，是指在國家統一領導下，各少數民族聚居的地方實行區域自治，設立自治機關，行使自治權的制度。民族區域自治制度在憲法以及民族區域自治法中得到明確，是中國的一項基本政治制度。

China is a unified multiethnic state. The CPC’s ethnic policies are built upon the goals of forging a keen sense of national identity, maintaining territorial integrity and national unification, and achieving common development and prosperity through the joint efforts of all ethnic groups. The system of regional ethnic autonomy means that areas with large ethnic minority populations can practice regional autonomy, establish autonomous organs, and exercise the power of self-government under the unified leadership of the state. This basic political system is specified in the country’s Constitution and its Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy.

中國實行民族區域自治，以領土完整、國家統一為前提和基礎，體現了統一與自治的結合、民族因素與區域因素的結合，完全符合中國國情和實際。中國的民族區域自治，是在國家統一領導下的自治，各民族自治地方都是中國不可分離的一部分，民族自治地方的自治機關都是中央政府領導下的一級地方政權，都必須服從中央統一領導。

China’s regional ethnic autonomy is autonomy under the unified leadership of the state. Territorial integrity and national unification are preconditions and foundations for regional ethnic autonomy, which combines unification with autonomy and ethnic factors with regional factors, and are thoroughly suited to China’s realities. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the country, and all autonomous organs of these areas are local governments subject to the unified leadership of the central government.

實行民族區域自治，從制度和政策層面保障了少數民族公民享有平等自由權利以及經濟、社會、文化權利。155個民族自治地方的人民代表大會常務委員會中，均有實行區域自治民族的公民擔任主任或者副主任；民族自治地方政府的主席、州長、縣長或旗長，均由實行區域自治的民族的公民擔任。中國根據各少數民族的特點和需要，幫助各少數民族地區加速經濟和文化發展。

Regional ethnic autonomy provides institutional and policy guarantees to ensure that ethnic minority citizens enjoy rights to equality and freedom, and to economic, social and cultural services. On all standing committees of people’s congresses of the 155 ethnic autonomous areas, there are citizens from the local ethnic groups assuming the office of chair or vice chair; all governors, prefectural commissioners, and heads of counties of ethnic autonomous areas are citizens from the ethnic groups. The central government assists all ethnic minority areas in accelerating their economic and cultural development based on the characteristics and needs of the ethnic minorities there.

民族區域自治制度，極大增強了各族人民當家作主的自豪感責任感，極大調動了各族人民共創中華民族美好未來、共享中華民族偉大榮光的積極性主動性創造性。在這一制度框架下，中華民族大團結的局面不斷鞏固，各族人民交往交流交融日益廣泛深入，平等團結互助和諧的社會主義民族關系不斷發展，56個民族像石榴籽一樣緊緊抱在一起，中華民族共同體意識日益牢固。

The system of regional ethnic autonomy has greatly increased the sense of pride and responsibility of people of all ethnic groups and stimulated their enthusiasm, initiative and creativity in jointly steering the course to a bright future. Under this institutional framework, communication and exchanges between ethnic groups, and socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, have expanded. Ethnic unity has been reinforced, and a strong sense of national identity has been forged.

6 堅持和完善基層群眾自治制度

The System of Community-Level Self-Governance

中國人口多、地域廣，基層治理差異大。中國實行以村民自治制度、居民自治制度和職工代表大會制度為主要內容的基層群眾自治制度，人民群眾在基層黨組織的領導和支持下，依法直接行使民主權利，實現自我管理、自我服務、自我教育、自我監督，有效防止了人民形式上有權、實際上無權的現象。

Due to China’s huge population and vast territory, there is great diversity in community-level governance. China applies a system of community-level self-governance represented by villagers autonomy, urban residents autonomy, and employees congresses. Under the leadership and support of community-level Party organizations, local residents directly exercise the democratic right to manage their own affairs by serving the community, undertaking self-education, and exercising public scrutiny. This effectively ensures that the people’s rights are genuinely respected. 

村（居）民自治。村（居）民在基層黨組織的領導下，成立村（居）民委員會，依法直接行使民主權利，依法管理基層公共事務和公益事業。實行民主選舉，由村（居）民選舉村（居）民委員會組成人員；實行民主協商，由村（居）民采取多種形式開展協商議事；實行民主決策，由村（居）民通過村（居）民會議或村（居）民代表會議對社區公共事務和公益事業等作出決定；實行民主管理，由村（居）民討論決定村（居）民自治章程、村規民約、居民公約等，并進行自我管理；實行民主監督，由村（居）民推選產生村（居）務監督委員會，監督村（社區）事務和村（居）務公開制度落實。截至2020年底，50.3萬個行政村全部建立了村民委員會，11.2萬個社區全部建立了居民委員會。

Villagers and urban residents exercise self-governance. Under the leadership of community-level Party organizations, residents in China’s rural villages and urban communities establish villagers committees and residents committees, and directly exercise their democratic right to handle public affairs and public services in residential areas to which they belong:

?They hold democratic elections in which they elect villagers and residents committees. 

?They conduct democratic consultation on local affairs in various forms. 

?They practice democratic decision-making in handling community public affairs and public services through committee meetings and congresses.

?They carry out democratic management – they discuss and decide on their own rules on self-governance and codes of conduct and self-regulation, and run their affairs accordingly. 

?They exercise democratic oversight – they elect village and urban community affairs oversight committees to supervise the handling of their community affairs and guarantee information disclosure. 

As of the end of 2020, all the 503,000 administrative villages in China had established villagers committees, and all the 112,000 urban communities in the country had established residents committees.

企事業單位職工依法行使民主權利。企事業單位建立以職工代表大會為基本形式的民主管理制度，職工在企事業單位重大決策和涉及職工切身利益等重大事項上發揮積極作用；企事業單位推行職工董事、職工監事制度，全面實行廠務公開制度，探索領導接待日、勞資懇談會、領導信箱等形式，反映職工訴求，協調勞動關系和保障職工合法權益，對單位生產和管理提出意見建議，為單位發展獻計獻策。企業工會委員會是職工代表大會的工作機構，現階段，中國共有280.9萬個基層工會組織，覆蓋655.1萬個企事業單位。

Employees in enterprises and public institutions exercise democratic rights. Enterprises and public institutions practice a system of democratic management whose basic form is employees congresses, so that workers and staff can play an active role in decision-making on important matters concerning their immediate interests. They are implementing a system of employees serving as board directors and board supervisors. They have all employed a system featuring open access to enterprise affairs and are experimenting with practices that include open days to communicate with leaders, employee-employer consultations, and letters and messages to senior executives. These efforts are designed to mediate labor relations, listen to workers’ voices, protect their lawful rights and interests, and collect complaints and suggestions on the operations, management and development of these entities. Corporate trade union committees are the operating mechanism of employees congresses. At present, there are 2.81 million primary-level trade unions in China, covering 6.55 million enterprises and public institutions.

基層民主創新十分活躍。從城鄉社區里的村（居）民議事會、村（居）民論壇、民主懇談會、民主聽證會到黨代表、人大代表、政協委員聯合進社區，從“小院議事廳”到“板凳民主”，從線下“圓桌會”到線上“議事群”，中國人民在火熱的基層生活中，摸索創造了一個又一個充滿煙火氣的民主形式。人們通過這些接地氣、聚人氣的民主實踐，圍繞涉及自身利益的實際問題，發表意見建議，進行廣泛協商，利益得到協調，矛盾有效化解，促進了基層穩定和諧。基層民主許多好的經驗做法成為國家政策，為中國民主發展不斷注入新的動力。

Democratic innovations demonstrate great vitality. The Chinese people have explored and initiated numerous popular and pragmatic grassroots practices – residents councils, residents workshops, democratic discussions and hearings, courtyard discussions, neighborhood meetings, offline roundtables and online group chats. They have arranged for representatives of Party committees, deputies to the people’s congresses, and CPPCC members to visit rural and urban communities. All these down-to-earth and pragmatic forms of democracy encourage people to voice their opinions and suggestions and conduct extensive consultation on matters related to their vital interests. This helps to coordinate the interests of multiple stakeholders, mitigate conflict, and maintain social stability and harmony at the grassroots level. Many successful grassroots experiences and practices have eventually turned into national policies, injecting new vitality into the development of China’s democracy.

基層群眾自治制度，增強了基層群眾的民主意識和民主能力，培養了基層群眾的民主習慣，充分彰顯了中國民主的廣泛性和真實性。基層群眾自治，使得社會細胞都活躍起來，使“微治理”富有活力、更有效率，為建設人人有責、人人盡責、人人享有的基層治理共同體提供了堅實制度保障。

The system of community-level self-governance has strengthened the public’s ability to understand and practice democracy, demonstrating that China’s democracy is extensive and genuine. Community-level self-governance energizes all the “cells” of society. It makes grassroots governance more vibrant and efficient, and provides a solid institutional guarantee for a grassroots governance system in which responsibilities are shared and duly fulfilled, and achievements are enjoyed by all.